Amd and 64 bit microporcessor

It seems that the migration to 64-bit system for home and office use is unstoppable. AMD, Intel and Microsoft are leading the said technology migration. 64-bit computing is dominating faster in the world of desktop PC’s, it is embraced by the computing industry form all around the world. News about some new processors, operating systems and applications that takes advantages of this feature is coming everyday. During the 80’s the computer systems migrated from 8-bit to 16-bit and later on, in the 90’s, the system advanced further once again, to 32-bit.32-bit computing becomes the common place for all the end-users, but that is two decades old and surprisingly computer technology keeps on advancing as the need to have more powerful desktop need is running up the scale. 32-bit refers the number of bits that can be processed or transmitted in parallel. Bits are the smallest unit of information on a machine that a microprocessor can process. The term indicates the wi dth of the registers in union with the microprocessor that is designed in a 32- bit platform.However, we can conclude that a 64-bit processor has a register that can store 64-bit numbers. Therefore, a 64-bit architecture is capable of processing data two times the amount of data a Central Processing Unit (CPU) can process per clock cycle. A computer user can easily say or think that 64-bit processors can double the speed of a 32-bit processor. The truth is, it is not all about processing speed, but it is all about memory management. 32-bit processor can use up to 4GB of Random Access Memory (RAM) with the help of using a capable motherboard.This 4GB Random Access Memory (RAM) is split between the operating system and the applications, 2GB for operating system and 2GB for application. In this manner of thinking, the entire user will see and think that a 64-bit processor is capable of using 8GB of RAM on their 64-bit computers. That is why numerous organizations and companies that acc ess massive amounts of data have already made the evolution to 64-bit servers, since this server can support superior number of larger files.They can also efficiently load huge enterprise database into memory that results in faster data retrieval and faster searches. The majority of 64-bit Central Processing Unit (CPU) remuneration will be ignored or will not be noticed without the key mechanism of 64-bit operating system software, and device drivers that can take benefit of 64-bit processor features. In 2005 to present, the puzzle has already been solved.We have a 64-bit operating system and some applications that support the technology and that makes as ready for the big migration. But then, as the end user thinks that migrating to a 64-bit computing will make their browser move faster, Word documents will be running faster or even presentation software will look much impressive, everyone will be dissatisfied. On the other hand, a more demanding application such as gaming, video e diting or encoding and the whole thing that requires more memory will surely witness the benefits.Even if at this point of time we already have the operating systems, applications that support the 64-bit platform, migrating from 32-bit to 64-bit is still a problem, due to the fact that Device Drivers for x64 operating are not yet fully available. Even the software giant Microsoft has requested those kinds of drivers. I. Brief background on the company you have chosen Datronic is a software development company focused on two upright markets; †¢ Windows device driver development and driver developers training based in Portugal†¢ Public Library book loan application software system based in Germany In 1972, Otto Rudinger founded Datronic in Ausberg/Germany. The main area of the Business for the first 20 years is Microfilm and high precision barcode master film production. In 2001 Marcel Rudinger the son of the founder of the said company founded device driver development depa rtment located in Madeira Island in Portugal and took over 49 % of Datronic. Marcel Rudinger as a student of computer science first developed his first MS DOS device driver and a low level system software that is intended to run under 8086 computer.Furthermore he continuously developed drivers and low-level systems software, design and project management for many well-known companies worldwide. The company also conducts public and onsite training courses which focuses on device driver development for windows Marcel Rudinger as the trainer. The company has been in this business since the middle of 1990’s. 2006 is the year where DATRONICSOFT was founded and Marcel Rudinger took over 100% of the Datronic.DatronicSoft supply offshore development, and test capacities for Windows device driver development, and at the same time develops Datronic’s public library book loan system as well as for some external companies. Discussion of Current Business Issues The companies traini ng and seminars supply the basic knowledge for developing or writing a complete new drivers and even modification of existing device drivers. The title of the training courses is WDM Device Driver Development for Windows XP, W2K3M VISTA and Longhorn server course 1(basics). It is a workshop with hands on labs and practical samples.It provides thorough introduction to low level and hardware related software development on the Microsoft windows platform. Mostly experienced application programmers, system software and driver developers are the company’s clients or customers. With DatronicSoft training courses, students expand a thorough knowledge and learn more about the device driver architecture of the Microsoft Windows operating system and their kernel mode components. On top of the course students learn more on backgrounds and concepts of device driver development using the Driver Development Kit (DDK) and lots of practical tips and tricks.C or C++ is the major programming l anguage for device driver development. Visual Studio is used as a tool for the development environment and as a compiler of the codes. The main issue whether the company is doing the development side or conducting offshore or in house training with due respect to adopt 64-bit computing, is the program possible errors occurring while porting C++ code from 32-bit platforms on 64-bit ones. As discussed earlier migrating from 32-bit computer system to 64-bit systems is inevitable and the need to develop drivers that will support the new platform is truly a necessity.Programmers should understand appropriately that the new set of errors that materialized while coding the 64-bit programs is not just some new faulty constructions among thousand of other codes. These are unavoidable difficulties, which the developers of any developing program will face. We are aware that 64-bit software and drivers is the next step of the information technologies development. But in actuality, only few prog rammers have faced the nuances of this bubble and developing 64-bit programs in particular. The analysis of the errors occurring while porting 32-bit programs on 64-bit system is a difficult task.Writing a not very quality code written without taking into account peculiarities of other architectures, might demand a lot of time and efforts. Thus causing delays on the development side, and may cause inaccurate instructions and solutions in the trainings conducted by the company. These issues should not be ignored for it will cause a huge amount of money in the company. We all know any project delays can cause disaster to any company and most probably it may cause the company to fail its objectives that will lead to the company’s downfall.Furthermore, dissatisfied students in terms of the content of the materials will surely arise. Since the student of the company are mostly programmers from different programming firms, possibility of loosing clients for driver development is ve ry high, because the content of the lecture doesn’t have the solutions for the problems stated below. Most common and possible problems that need to be observed thoroughly which the developer of 64-bit programs can face are: †¢ Common errors of programming which occur on 64-bit systems †¢ Reasons for appearing of these errors and the corresponding examples †¢ Methods of correcting the listed errors†¢ Review of methods and means of searching errors in 64-bit programs Recommendations for the Executive Committee With the problems sited in the study, the need to provide possible solutions will be provided. Program errors occurring while porting C++ code from 32-bit platforms on 64-bit ones are observed. Examples of the incorrect code and the ways to correct it are given. Methods and means of the code analysis, which allow diagnosing the errors discussed, are listed. The need to include the solutions to the training courses should be considered and applied in t he device driver development side.The following codes and analysis has already been tried and should be applied in both upright market of the company. Off warnings In all books devoted to the development of the quality code it is recommended to set a warning level of warnings shown by the compiler on as high level as possible. But there are situations in practice when for some project parts there is a lower diagnosis level set or it is even set off. Usually it is very old code that is supported but not modified. Programmers who work over the project are used to that this code works and don’t take its quality into consideration.Here it is a danger to miss serious warnings by the compiler while porting programs on the new 64-bit system. While porting an application you should obligatory set on warnings for the whole project that help to check the compatibility of the code and analyze them thoroughly. It can help to save a lot of time while debugging the project on the new archi tecture. If we won’t do this the simplest and stupidest errors will occur in all their variety. Here it is a simple example of overflow which occurs in a 64-bit program if we ignore warnings at all.

Formation of Psychology Essay

Many Philosophers majorly influenced the development of modern psychology in the nineteenth century. In this essay, I will begin by discussing three of the major eastern philosophers that contributed to the formation of psychology as a discipline. I will then discuss the development of psychology during the nineteenth century and the contributions made by these philosophers. Human behavior is a subject that has been thought about for centuries but was not properly recorded until scientific experimentation was performed. There were many major philosophers responsible for the  development of psychology but I will focus on John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. These philosophers are significant in the development of psychology as a discipline and without them; psychology would not be what it is today. John Locke, 1632-1704, was the founder of British Empiricism. He spent his life mainly as a lecturer and tutor, but also as a philosopher, politician, diplomat, and was also trained in medicine. Locke’s main belief was that upon birth, the mind is a blank slate and would be written upon one’s personal  experiences; meaning that you come into this life with no prior knowledge and everything you learn is what you have perceived in your time while living. Goodwin (2008) states that Locke believed that every idea we have comes from only two sources, sensation and reflection. Sensation refers to the way our mind processes information grasped through our sensation in a given environment while reflection refers to information we have processed with the use of our senses and our memory. Locke argued against the use of punishment in children; which makes a great deal of impact on  psychological behavior and a child’s willingness to act out. George Berkeley was born in Ireland and lived from the year 1685 to the year 1753. Throughout his years, he lived as a philosopher, deacon and missionary. His theories from the seventeenth century developed into Materialism in the nineteenth century. His work on vision was the first systematic example of how empiricist thinking could be applied to the study of perception. Berkeley made theories of how the perceptions of objects depend on experience and instead of us seeing things  straight on; we judge them on our experiences of distance and size. Berkeley poses a threat to the act of free will through determinism, which is the belief that something causes every event. Materialism is the theory that the only existing things are matter or energy; all things are made up of atoms and each event is the result of material interactions. Without Berkeley’s contributions to the development of materialism, psychology would not include the argument of perception. Each individual perceives each instance in a different way; an object I may judge as being a yard away  could be perceived as five yards away for another. David Hume was known for the development of the Rules of Association. He was born in Scotland, in the year 1711 and died in the year of 1776. Hume believed that all similar or simultaneous ideas are somehow associated with one another. He came up with three laws to support his theories: resemblance, contiguity, and cause and effect. Goodwin (2008) summarized Hume as being known for making a distinction between impressions, which resulted from sensation, and ideas, which were faint copies of impressions. The development of psychology as a discipline was greatly impacted by David Hume, without his contributions to the Rules of Association modern day psychology would still be questioning the relationships of thoughts and patterns between one another. Hume’s contributions expanded through more theories outside of the Rules of Association and included sentimentalism, emotivism, ethical expressivism, non-cognitivism, and the error theory. The research and theories he provided played roles in the development in all of the fore listed theories making Hume a philosopher that played great impact in the development of psychology. The nineteenth century brought great advances in science in many areas from steel to electricity but also brought many advances in the science of psychology. In the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin’s theories developed into Darwinism. Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis, which compromised the idea of human beings having rationality and free will. The newly developed theories in the nineteenth century caused an uprising suggesting that we do not 1 / 2  know the universe, whereas, the prior sciences suggested a clear thinking, all-knowing world. The science of Psychology has slowly been in development since the fourth and fifth centuries. Although the science has grown dramatically since the beginning, it still relies on its roots of philosophy. Without the great impact of the world’s best philosophers, the science of psychology would not be what it is today. References: Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). : John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Chapters 1 & 2. POWERED BY TCPDF (WWW. TCPDF. ORG).   

The Use of Torture in Interrogation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Use of Torture in Interrogation - Essay Example Law enforcement agencies are sometimes forced to inflict torture on suspects in order to retrieve trial information from them. The information that suspects may be hiding could be exceptionally vital in saving the lives of citizens. Therefore, law torture should be used in circumstances when law enforcement agents are seeking vital information from suspects; information that is likely to save the lives of the general public. McCain is one of the prominent people in the U.S who have vehemently opposed the use of torture during interrogation. McCain might be justified to push for legislations that illegalize the use of torture because he underwent torturous moments when he participated in the Vietnamese war. However, the debate on whether to legalize or illegalize the use of torture should not be discussed from the perspective of individuals past experiences. Taking such as perspective might make emotions cloud people’s judgment and limit sound decision making on the matter. Acc ording to Krauthammer, the debate would be healthy if the three kinds of war prisoners are brought into the picture. Krauthammer argues that for the purpose of torture and prisoner maltreatment, three kinds of war prisoners exist. The first category involves an ordinary solder caught on the field of battle (Krauthammer). This situation does not amount to exceptional circumstances that permit the use of torture for interrogation. Krauthammer indicates that the detention of such a soldier is for one sole purpose; â€Å"to keep him hors de combat†. Furthermore, if there is another just way of keeping such a prisoner away from the battle field, it should be employed. Krauthammer argues that because the main reason of keeping such a prisoner under those circumstances is to prevent him from becoming a commandant again, and he deserves all the protections and dignity of an ordinary domestic prisoner. Torturing such a prisoner would be inhumane, and it is not necessary. The second ca tegory involves a captured terrorist. By definition, a terrorist is an unlawful combatant. Krauthammer argues that â€Å"a terrorist lives outside the laws of war because he does not wear a uniform; he hides amongst civilians and targets the innocent† (Krauthammer. Such a terrorist is not entitled to protection at all. When the third category of the terrorist is mentioned, the discussion on torture becomes complicated. Consider a circumstance where by the captured terrorist has information on a bomb that has been planted in a city, and the bomb might go off in an hour’s time. Most probably, the lives of one million people are in danger. These are the exceptional circumstances where torture needs to be applied in order to secure the lives of civilians. In case the suspect has vital information, and he is unwilling to cooperate, then acts of morality and humanity become dependent on the ultimate goal; to save the lives of civilians. It would be logical to use torture and retrieve the much need information so as to save the endangered population. Krauthammer notes â€Å"the complications reflect precisely the dilemmas regarding all coercive interrogation, the weighing of the lesser of two evils: the undeniable inhumanity of torture versus the abdication of the duty to protect the victims of a potentially preventable mass murder†. Zandt argues that the overriding public safety becomes a priority when compared to the prisoner’

Network Security and Different Ways to Secure Networks Essay

Network Security and Different Ways to Secure Networks - Essay Example The researcher states that assigning a password and an ID to a network is often called one-factor authentication while the two-factor authentication has often been identified when the account or network is secured by a security-token for e.g. an ATM Card or a mobile phone; and the three-factor authentication is distinguished by the use of the security measures such as a fingerprint or a retinal scan (de Jong et al, nd). It can be further secured by a firewall so that it could only be available to specific users of that network. Most of these utilities are being used by banks, armed forces, and, intelligence agencies etc. The Need for Network Security In practice, network security is an important part of many networks at homes, at public places, at colleges and universities and at various offices such as banks, stock exchanges, all kinds of multinational firms and other businesses, law enforcement agencies and even the Government offices and departments where important information is stored. The level of security needed and indeed, in use, varies from network to network and it depends on things such as the sensitivity of the data, the structure of the network, the size of the network and the threats to the network. A home user, for example, may not need to employ the same in-depth means of securing the network as, for example, a large multinational bank would. The reason for that is that there’s less sensitive data on a home network, there are fewer threats and there is not much at risk compared to the network of a bank. Now let’s take a look at the history of network security. The need for network security has been around since the time computers have existed, although this need was further emphasized after one of the most famous computer hackers of the world, Kevin Mitnick was arrested and convicted in 1995. Even before that, there were reported crimes related to computers and networks. The requirement for networks and networked computers to be s ecured was further enhanced after the Internet was made publically available in the 1990s. And gradually, in order to protect against loss of intellectual property, monetary loss, loss of sensitive customer data, invasions into personal privacy, disruptions to the working networks of large multinational firms and banks etc, further ways to secure the networks are being implemented. There are various ways in which the security of a network can be breached. In broader terms, the attacks can be categorized in two forms first one is a passive attack in which the hacker disturbs the travelling of data using the same network and in active attack the hacker uses different commands to change the network’s normal working. Both these attacks can have various forms. Some examples are Wiretapping, Idle scan, Port scanning, a Denial of Service attack, spoofing, ARP poisoning, smurf attack, heap overflow and SQL injection. Further to that, other forms of attacks such as Trojan Horses, Viru ses, Worms or Logic Bombs are also sometimes used. Ways to Secure Networks Securing a network depends on the type of network structure in place and the level of security which needs to be implemented.

Health Care Incident Reported in the News Essay

Health Care Incident Reported in the News - Essay Example Courtois is a diabetic patient who was treated in Redding Hospital in 2010 did not consent to the decision of the hospital’s chief executive and medical officer in disclosing her treatment information. This followed allegations that the hospital was involved in overbilling Medicare. The officials of the hospital also failed to report the violations of the patient’s privacy as postulated by the HIPAA. Courtois daughter said that â€Å"we are appalled by the number of people they shared the information with" (Terhune, 2012). Among the journalists into whom the patient information was disclosed were those from the Times. It is reported within the news article that Prime Healthcare Inc. is to face up to $ 250 000 fines for these violations (Terhune, 2012). This essay is based on this story and aims at examining and evaluating how governance, organizational structure, culture and lack of social responsibility led to the violation of the patient’s privacy by the hospi tal. The essay also presents recommendations on resources and changes that would help to preventing future violations of patient privacy in relation to the ethics of patient care. The health care situation that is described within the Los Angeles Times is a case where the rights of patients for confidentiality and privacy of treatment information are violated by a health care system. ... It is in this regard that it is apparent that the hospital is obliged to take responsibility for its legal and ethical misconduct. Nonetheless it is important to note that the violation of HIPAA provisions for patient privacy is legally wrong regardless of the number of people with who patient information is disclosed (Moore, et al, 2009). Darlene Courtois’ case however received the attention of the media and the legal system because many health care providers and journalists got access to the patient’s treatment records without consent. The organizational structure at the Redding Hospital’s hospital is topped by the chief executive. This official is followed by the medical officer. Below these officials are the medical health records officers and other workers. The fact that private patient information was disclosed to the journalists by the chief executive and medical officer reflects that they had direct influence on the medical health officers from whom this information was obtained. This reveals an organizational culture where the top executives exercise roles beyond their lines of duty. Moreover, the health records officers were coerced to provide the patient information to the senior executives. This demonstrates that the health records officers failed to adhere to the ethical and legal requirements for confidentiality and privacy of all patient data. This case also reveals an organizational culture where workers fail to take legal responsibility by reporting medical misconduct in relation to patient data. This is revealed that the health care workers who were emailed the patient data failed to report the violation HIPAA provisions. This case came into light of the legal system because it was featured in

Chronicity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chronicity - Essay Example They are more likely to be trusted by patients because of their community and family-centered approach to care. Finally, I have learned from my readings that the current progress and gains made in medicine are a product of history, and that the past and traditional methods of medicine still have a place in contemporary practice when taken in their proper context and in caring for chronically ill patients. Life-limiting illnesses have a significant impact on patient, family, and the health system. On the patient, it can decrease his productivity, limit his activities of daily living, limit his mobility, and cause him feelings of depression. Among the family, it can cause them mental health issues like depression; it can also limit their own activities in terms of their employment and social life. It can also financially burden them. As for the health care system, life-limiting illnesses can also cause a huge financial burden on the government with more claims on Medicare and Medicaid. It can also limit the productivity of the government due to reduced productivity of workers. The above discussion implies how important it is for the government to establish a chronic care program which can address the health needs of these patients and minimize the impact of these life-limiting diseases on the patients, their families, and on the health system as a

TECHNICAL REPORT & LOG BOOK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

TECHNICAL REPORT & LOG BOOK - Essay Example To understanding the working of a major part of the industry a small contractor company is selected as a study sample. 2. Alpha Construction Ltd There are mainly two reasons for selecting Alpha Construction, which makes it’s an important representative example of an organization which fits into construction industry. Firstly alpha construction is an ideal example for a SME, Civil Engineering and Building Contractor whose range of contracts value from ?250k to ?5m. Secondly it is a company which is in Hilton Derbyshire which would help us understand the working of contractors in the midlands. The Alpha construction deals in a wide range of works that include building and civil engineering aspects of electricity generation and distribution, food processing, water, quarrying, chemical processing, infrastructure works, manufacturing and coal production projects. The company’s management includes Rob Smith as Managing Director, and Mark Clarke, Melanie Cartlidge, Ken Durham as Commercial Director, Business development Manager and Contracts Director respectively. It is observed that management have very less experience in Environment and related issues and that’s where the issue exists in the small construction enterprises. As we are very well aware that now the environmental aspect of each project is critically scrutinized at every stage of the project (Design, construction and operations) and if the project does not conform to the standards and regulations heavy penalty or even the closure of the project can occur. So now with the changing time we have to make a slight change in the structure of the company. After an analysis I have come to a conclusion that the existence of Environmental Management Unit is the need of the hour. 3. Environmental Management Unit The structure of this unit would be a small, so as to match the size of the company, it would include an expert in Environmental sciences/engineering and must have experience in analysis and management of environmental issues related to diverse construction projects. The experts will work under the Business development Manager and Contracts Director collectively. In the status quo it is very important that there must be no issues raised related to environment in contracts, because it would harm the companies profile making it difficult to get new projects in the current recession. Secondly a certain level of leverage can be acquired from the introduction of Environmental Management Unit, this is because increased awareness of the client for protection and safeguard of environment and can be at times detrimental in the selection of contractors for civil engineering project that Alpha construction normally does. The main purpose and technical areas of expertise of this unit would be introduce the usage of new green materials of construction and then provide sustainable construction processes and pathways. Bringing in new green construction material is important due t o two reasons, firstly an immense amount of construction material is used, it is estimated that about 420 million tones of material is used in construction industry in UK every year (Lazarus, Construction Materials Report 2003). Then secondly it is an area in which very

Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics - Assignment Example Now, before throwing some light on the importance of government in reducing the rate of unemployment, it is crucial to shed some light on the types and methods of measuring unemployment. The definition of unemployment is quite varying. In simple words, it is a situation where people want jobs but they don’t become able to find any. But, according to the International Labour Organisation (ILO), if a person is working at least for an hour a week, he is considered employed. Here, definition of employment will help understanding what unemployment is all about. The LFS( Labour Force Survey ) definition of employment is anyone (aged 16 or over) who does at least one hour’s paid work in the week prior to their LFS interview, or has a job that they are temporarily away from (e.g. on holiday). Also included are people who do unpaid work in a family business and people on government supported employment training schemes, in line with ILO definitions [1]. As different unemployment types exist in the real world, it is crucial to use right methods to measure those different types. Unemployment rate is the best way to measure the extent of unemployment in any country. Economists all over the world, give huge importance to the measures of unemployment rate for designing the policies of economic development. The most widely used measure of unemployment rate is mentioned below[2]: Claimant Count: This method was usually used during the 1980s and 1990s. The basic thing about this method is to count those unemployed heads who are receiving unemployment benefits. The good thing is that measurement can be done by using administrative records, which is the reason why you don’t have to suffer from sampling errors. But, it is a fact that many countries are now using other computation methods which is the reason why it is not logical to compare results of this method with other methods. Also, it provides relatively inadequate data as only those people who receive unemployment

The Summer Song Essay Example for Free

The Summer Song Essay When youre are young, it feels like life will carry on forever, and youre very happy. Immortal is used to reveal the boys inflated egos, as they show off to each other and Linda. Price shell have to pay This is adding to the idea of repaying debts, which is mentioned throughout the play, referring to different characters. It could also be a slight mention of Mrs Johnstone, Mickeys mother who gave birth to them both. She is still attached to both of them, even going so far as to give a locket with her picture to Edward, who is now Mrs Lyons son. What fate the later seasons bring, This is adding to the metaphor of the lambs in spring. It is hinting towards the inevitable fate of the slaughter house that lambs face, which the boys soon will. It is mentioned to worry the audience. The lyrics that fit into the foreshadowing category are: Young, free and innocent, This is to emphasise that the boys are still children. Chippy This tells us that Mickey is nearing the end of his life. In the Its just a game scene, Mickey is threatened by frying in chip shop fat, so this is a signal that the boys he will die soon. Last cigarette Cigarettes are associated with death. Last cigarette is a prisoners last luxury before theyre hanged. Its also an allusion to the biblical last supper. Ferry boat This is the idea that the three are being taken to the land of the dead on the River Styx. Broken bottles in the sand, Broken bottles in the sand are hidden, and when you accidentally stand on them they surprise you. This is referring to how unaware the children are of their futures. Oil in the water This brings ideas of pollution, and corruption and spreading fate. Oil and water dont mix, they will always separate. This is like Mickey and Edwards friendship. The use of we in the final paragraph reminds us that we are powerless, and it is the narrator letting us know that hes in the same situation as us, unable to let the characters know of their fate. We do not know whether he is being sarcastic, or would actually like to let them know. Predict no changes in the weather, This reminds us that this happy summer will come to an end. The song is made up of rhyming couplets, which make it sound childish, and adds a sense of finality, so after the last rhyme, you know its over. For young, free and innocent, theres one word for each child. It also makes them seem vulnerable. You know that the innocence will be lost after the song. dreams and fifteen. Have a jarring Para rhyme which interrupts quickly, like what will happen to their lives. The tune of the Summer Song is the first and the last song, Tell me its not true repeated in different themes. Our minds are taken back throughout the previous moments of the play and the first scene when we see Mrs Johnstone with the two dead boys. This connects the audience more to the characters, making it feel harder when the boys die. It suggests that this has happened before, and will happen again. After the first verse there is a pause in the music, to emphasise the narrators last words, The price shell have to pay for just being there. The audience dwells on the idea of the debt that Linda will have to repay, to make up for Mrs Johnstones debt. The line after the pause: But leave them alone, let them go and play, implies that summer is the peak of the year, when everything is at its best, and by the end of it everything is fully developed. It makes you think of leisure, fun, warmth and life. Unfortunately its fleeting, and is soon over, giving way to autumn when everything is wasting away, withering. Some of the lyrics could be portrayed as sarcastic. The song starts in Paradise, and then goes to a chip shop, then darkness, then a filthy beach. The environment seems to get worse and worse. It makes you wonder where they will be next. The first verse is played with a guitar and fairground music and the second is a sleazy saxophone, which clashes with what the narrator is telling us about them being innocent. The last verse is said in a wishful tone, which makes us regretful because we know that these innocent, promising children will soon be dead. At the start of the song, when the children rush on, it gives you an idea of their carefree nature. The narrator interacts with the children throughout the scene. When he is the rifle range man in the first verse, he offers the gun to the children, as if he is slyly hinting at their future. When Linda takes it and misses all three shots, we realise how they have changed, because when they were younger Linda was an excellent shot. The narrator throws them a coconut, and they begin a game of piggy-in-the-middle and Linda gets caught in the middle, at which point they freeze. This is when the narrator talks about the girl in the middle of the pair, the price shell pay just for being there. It emphasises and foreshadows that she will have to choose between the two. The theme of debt shows through here, with the debt transferring to Linda. In the next verse we see them lighting a cigarette, leaning on the lamppost, and suiting their actions to the words. It has a much more grown up feel than the previous verse. In the fourth verse they are at the beach, taking pictures, the first of the two boys, the second of Edward and Linda and the third of Mickey and Linda. Edward and Lindas seem much more genuine and well matched. Then the narrator takes a picture of the three. This makes the audience wish that the children knew of their futures and it makes the picture look empty, and meaningless. When the three exit he says, and only if the three of them could stay like that forever, As if the picture he took could have been more than just a snapshot. It makes you wish time could have stopped. The music of the song is matched to the actions and words. The narrator is always hovering in the background, waiting for a chance to become part of the scene. He is a constant presence throughout so the audience are never relaxed. They are always waiting for him to introduce another twist in the story. Before the Summer Song, he is quite far away, usually in a corner. During it though, he is allowed to come closer to them, and his threats become much more dangerous. The devils got your number hes staring through your window changes to Hes screaming right inside you. The proximity of the narrator to the characters affects the tension of the scene. The overall message of the play is that the inequality of classes is very bad thing, which is enforced as we watch the brothers grow from babies to men, and watch them die. We become attached to them, and regret their death, almost as if its our own fault. The song is when they make the transition from boys to men, and when they become their own people and their true feelings begin to show. Mickey represents the lower class, and Edward the higher. Linda is temptation and the narrator is fate. We see the lower class and the upper class tear each other apart. The second act is darker, as the dream world of child hood, which is reflected in the first half of the summer song, becomes the cold harsh reality of the 80s. I think that the message that Russell wanted to imprint upon the audience is: class is a cruel thing, tearing family and friends apart. The play made me feel sad, and shocked by how Mickey was driven mad enough to shoot his own brother.

1800s Era of Good Feelings Essay Example for Free

1800s Era of Good Feelings Essay Although many seemingly happy events such as the â€Å"Era of Good Feelings† and the granting of universal white manhood suffrage occurred during the early 1800s, the statement that nationalism and not the fear of sectionalism caused westward expansion is an invalid statement. Westward expansion was truly an effect of a growing sectionalism in the country originating from events such as the Tariff of 1828 , the National Bank, and the Missouri Compromise. Preceding the Missouri Compromise was the Tallmadge amendment. When the Tallmadge amendment was passed, the South was infuriated. The amendment decreed that the slave state of Missouri had to gradually free all of their slaves and prohibited any more slaves to be brought into Missouri before they could be admitted into the Union. See more: Homelessness as a social problem Essay This made slave-owning Southerners upset because they viewed the amendment as a threat to sectional equality and balance. With the South suspicious of the North trying to ban slavery and the North suspicious of the South trying to expand slavery, both sides naturally flocked to the West in order to gain another slave or free state to tip the balance of power in their direction. Even in the Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, after war hero Andrew Jackson exceeded his orders from the White House and tore through Florida, motives for acquiring new land seemed to continually hint towards the growing sectionalism and concern about the issue of slavery. Also, the uneasy Missouri Compromise gave both North and South even more reason to expand westward. The Missouri Compromise established Missouri as a unrestricted slave state which gave abolitionists and Northerners great concern about the spread of slavery while the establishment of the Missouri Compromise line that prohibited slavery above it caused Southerners to worry about slavery too. All the suspicions and fears of the two sections resulted in a fast and furious expansionism in the west. Then, during the presidency of John Quincy Adams, his nationalistic policies of roads and canals laid a heavy financial burden upon the federal government requiring the continuation of the tariff which caused tension among the South. The National Bank, although established by the nationalist Alexander Hamilton, played a big role in sectionalism in the United States. When the Bank of the United States irresponsibly overspeculated in the West, the financial crisis of 1819 arose in which many western banks were shut down and had to foreclose mortgages on numerous farms in the West. The foreclosure of farms in the West made the National Bank extremely unpopular in the West and fueled western sectionalism, pushing western farmers to lean towards the slave-owning Southerners in the battle for influence in the West. In addition to these events, the Tariff of 1828 made Southerners angry yet again and widened the rift between the North and South even more. The extremely high tariff was not for revenue but rather for the purpose of protecting American manufacturing. This made the Southerners upset because it showed partiality to the northern factories and hurt the southern farmers who were large consumers of manufactured goods. The hated tariff would then prompt South Carolina to take action and bring out the old Kentucky and Virginia resolutions to nullify the tariff. Thus, these two events added to the worries of both sides and to the westward expansion fever.

Domestic violence: A brief critical analysis of impact and interventions

Domestic violence: A brief critical analysis of impact and interventions DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A BRIEF CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF IMPACT AND INTERVENTIONS BUILT ON A DEFINITIONAL, HISTORICAL, AND THEORETICAL FOUNDATION â€Å"And yet I fear you, for youre fatal then When your eyes roll so. Why I should fear I know not, Since guiltiness I know not, but yet I feel I fear.† Introduction The introductory quotation by Desdemona expresses her fear of Othello’s rage (Shakespeare, 1604, cited in Meyersfeld, 2003) at the same time eloquently conveying the terror implicit in domestic violence and demonstrating that domestic violence is not a new phenomenon. Neither is domestic violence a rare occurrence. According to the British government, domestic violence affects millions of lives. The following statistics are quoted from the official government website (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005): one in four women and one in six men will be victims of domestic violence in their lifetime with women at greater risk of repeat victimisation and serious injury; 89 percent of those suffering four or more incidents are women; one incident of domestic violence is reported to the police every minute; on average, two women a week are killed by a current or former male partner; and domestic violence accounts for 16 percent of all violent crime. This essay will demonstrate that the issue of domestic violence is a complex one, much more complex than the term itself might convey. Indeed, domestic violence is complex in terms of its very definition, complex in terms of its theoretical explanations, complex in terms of gender relevance, complex in terms of its effects, and complex in terms of interventions to prevent and deal with its occurrence. The essay begins with a presentation and critique of various definitions for domestic violence, an exploration of the historical evolution of domestic violence as a societal concern, and a discussion and critique of theoretical explanations for domestic violence including consideration of the relevance of gender. This foundation will be used as a basis for exploring the impact of domestic violence upon its direct and indirect victims and the value and efficacy of the current resources, initiatives, and support networks used in combating domestic violence and assisting its victims. Final ly, concluding remarks will be presented. A Critique on Definitions of Domestic Violence Finding a generally-accepted definition for domestic violence proved to be an elusive endeavor. This may be because there is no consensus definition of the term (Laurence and Spalter-Roth, 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, May 1996; Contemporary Womens Issues Database, July 1996). Each writer seems to define the term to fit his or her topic or agenda. For instance, Chez (1994, cited in Gibson-Howell, 1996), in focusing on female victims of domestic violence, defines the term as â€Å"the repeated subjection of a woman to forceful physical, social, and psychological behavior to coerce her without regard to her rights.† Some definitions are basic and general: â€Å"a pattern of regularly occurring abuse and violence, or the threat of violence, in an intimate (though not necessarily cohabitating) relationship† (Gibson-Howell, 1996, citing Loring and Smith, 1994). Other definitions are comprehensive and specific (Manor, 1996; Neufield, 1996; Asian Pages, 1998; Josi ah, 1998; Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 1999; Danis, 2003; Verkaik, 2003). The more comprehensive definitions, although phrased differently, typically possess the following common elements: a pattern of abusive behavior (as contrasted to a single event); the abusive behavior involves control, coercion, and/or power; the abusive behavior may be physical, sexual, emotional, psychological, and/or financial; and the victim of the abusive behavior is a cohabitating or non-cohabitating intimate partner or spouse. The British government has adopted one of the more expansive descriptions of domestic violence, one that includes all of the foregoing elements: â€Å"Any incident of threatening behaviour, violence or abuse (psychological, physical, sexual, financial or emotional) between adults who are or have been intimate partners or family members, regardless of gender or sexuality. Beyond the basic definition, the government furnishes further description of domestic violence as â€Å"a pattern of abusive and controlling behaviour† by which the abuser attempts to gain power over the victim. The government contends that domestic violence crosses age, gender, racial, sexuality, wealth, and geographical lines. (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) Interestingly, the definition offered by the government expands the description to include other â€Å"family members† in addition to â€Å"intimate partners.† Historical Evolution of the Recognition of Domestic Violence as a Societal Concern The issue of domestic violence, particularly violence against female spouses, was a topic of societal concern dating from the first marriage law instituted by Romulus in 75 B.C. But the concern was not in preventing domestic violence; to the contrary; the concern was in support of â€Å"wife beating†Ã¢â‚¬â€legally and institutionally—a condition that existed through the early twentieth century. (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979). English common law, until the late nineteenth century, â€Å"structured marriage to give a husband superiority over his wife in most aspects of the relationship.† This â€Å"sanctioned superiority† gave the husband the right to â€Å"command his wife’s obedience, and subject her to corporal punishment or ‘chastisement’ if she defied his authority.† (Tuerkheimer, 2004, citing Siegel, 1996) The beginning of the twentieth century witnessed the dismantling of laws specifically condoning control a nd violence; however, the laws were not replaced by codes that protected victims from abuse. Instead, â€Å"marital privacy† became the standard. Essentially, abuse was considered to be a family problem, not one in which society had an interest. (Turekheimer, 2004) Not until the feminist movement of the late 1960s and 1970s was public interest in domestic violence piqued (Danis, 2003, citing Schechter, 1982). With little public or private funding, feminist activists set up shelters for female victims of domestic violence. They also pressed for laws to punish offenders and promoted training of social workers and other professions to recognize domestic violence and treat its victims. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). From these humble beginnings, over the last thirty-plus years, public awareness has been enhanced dramatically, increasing amounts of public and private funding have been allocated for shelters, domestic violence laws have been strengthened, and social workers and other professionals (e.g. school personnel, healthcare professionals, police officers) have been trained to recognize signs of, and provide treatment to those affected by, domestic violence. Today, in the early years of the new millennium, the way in which society views domestic violence is continuing to evolve. Physical abuse of wives was the initial focus of intervention initiatives. Drawing on research presented earlier, sexual, emotional, psychological, and financial abuse have been added to physical abuse as types of domestic violence. And, many definitions of victims of domestic violence now include, in addition to wives, husbands and domestic partners of the same or different sex. Increasingly, too, children in the domestic arrangement are being included as victims of domestic violence. Theoretical Explanations for Domestic Violence and the Relevance of Gender Just as there is a lack of consensus on a single definition for domestic violence, â€Å"there is no single recognized causal theory for domestic violence.† In the absence of a single theory, at least four theories are used to explain why domestic violence occurs: social exchange/deterrence, social learning, feminist, and the ecological framework. (Danis, 2003) These theories, with their relevance to domestic violence, will be presented and critiqued in this section. A discussion of the relevance of gender in domestic violence will close out the section. Under the social exchange theory, human interaction is driven by pursuing rewards and avoiding punishments and costs. (Danis, 2003, citing Blau, 1964). Gelles and Cornell (1985, 1990, cited in Danis, 2003) contend that domestic violence occurs when costs do not outweigh rewards. Costs in this context include the potential for defensive physical action by the victim, potential of being arrested and imprisoned, loss of personal status, and dissolution of the domestic arrangement. The social learning theory suggests that people learn to be violent by being immediately rewarded or punished after they commit violent behavior, through what is called reinforcement, and by watching the experiences of others, called modeling (Danis, 2003, citing Bandura, 1973). According to some experts, there is a correlation between people who witness abusive behavior in their earlier lives and those who commit domestic violence later. (Danis, 2003, citing O’Leary, 1987). According to feminist theory, domestic violence emanates from a â€Å"patriarchal† school system which assigns men the responsibility for controlling and managing female partners (Danis, 2003, citing Dobash and Dobash, 1979; Yllo, 1993). Under this theory, domestic violence is attributed to a flaw in societal structure rather than to any specific individual male pathology. Finally, the ecological framework theory, in contending that no single theory can be used in explaining or predicting domestic violence, proposes risk factors for domestic violence and interventions to address it at three levels—the micro level (e.g. batterer programs), the meso level (e.g. police and the courts), and the macro level (e.g. a coordinated community approach). (Danis, 2003, citing Crowell and Burgess, 1996; Chalk and King, 1998). Each of these four theories offers valuable insight into domestic violence. For instance, the social exchange theory offers a basis for law enforcement and prosecution of offenders; the social learning theory helps to explain why children who witness abuse sometimes grow up to be abusers themselves thereby providing rationale for corrective interventions to â€Å"unlearn† abusive behavior; and the feminist theory supports interventions targeted at helping batterers to reform and helping to empower victims. But none of these theories seems to provide a comprehensive foundation on which a comprehensive approach for dealing with the many causal and outcome dimensions of domestic violence can be built. The more integrated ecological framework theory, however, seems to furnish the needed basis for such a comprehensive approach. Now attention will turn to the topic of the relevance of gender in domestic violence. Historically, as mentioned earlier, wives were considered to be the only victims of domestic violence. Today, husbands as well as same- or different-sex non-married partners are considered to be victims as well (Cruz, 2003). Although the statistics vary significantly (Leo, 1994), some indicating that the same number of men as women are victims of domestic violence (Leo, 1994; Simerman, 2002), most experts agree than women are most often the victims and, when they are victimized, the damage is usually more serious. The indication that women are most often victims has now gained official recognition. The British government contends that, although domestic violence is not restricted to a specific gender, â€Å"it consists mainly of violence by men against women.† (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005) The Potential Impact of Domestic Violence on Females, Mothers, and Children According to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (January 1996), â€Å"the most common victims (of domestic violence) are women and children.† With the acknowledgement that domestic violence affects men as well as women, the focus of the discussion in this section will be on the potential impact of domestic violence on females, generally, and on females in their role as mothers as well as on their children. Domestic violence against women can result in serious physical injuries, psychological trauma, and mental strain (Wha-soon, 1994). According to Wha-soon, physical injuries include â€Å"severe headaches, bruises, bone fractures, loss of eyesight, nervous paralysis, insomnia and indigestion,† and psychological trauma can include â€Å"anxiety, a sense of powerlessness, and a loss of self-respect and self-confidence.† Psychological effects can lead to suicide in some cases. Winkvist (2001) echoes these psychological effects and adds that battered women are also more likely to experience sexual and reproductive health disorders. Effects are not restricted to those that are physical and psychological in nature, however. Women can be financially impacted as well. Brown and Kenneym (1996) contend that women, in an effort to flee their attackers, may â€Å"give up financial security and their homes† in favor of safety. Mothers may experience additional negative effects from domestic violence. Starr (2001) contends that domestic violence against mothers â€Å"is associated with harmful implications for mental health and parenting, as well as for the offspring.† According to Starr, mothers who are in an environment of domestic violence suffer worse outcomes for themselves and for their children. Isaac (1997) suggests that abuse of mothers and children are linked, stating that from thirty to almost sixty percent of mothers reported for child abuse were themselves abused. Hewitt (2002) claims that ninety percent of occurrences of domestic violence are witnessed either directly or indirectly by children. Children can be affected in at least two ways by domestic violence. According to the British government, they can be traumatized by violence they witness against others in the relationship even when they are not the specific targets of the violence (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). According to Hewitt (2002), children suffer low self-esteem, isolation, trauma, and homelessness that they may not manifest until later in life. They may also suffer from maladies such as worry, sadness, focus and concentration difficulties, forgetfulness, headaches and stomachaches, lying, and â€Å"poor impulse control,† according to Salisbury and Wichmann (2004). Importantly, there is also a strong correlation between domestic violence and child abuse, a point which reinforces Isaac’s position mentioned earlier (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic violence mini-site, 2005). Edleson (1999, cited in Spath, 2003) takes the same position in stating that â€Å"numerous research studies over the last several decades have reported a connection between domestic violence and child maltreatment within families.† And, finally, as mentioned earlier, the social learning theory would suggest that children who witness violence learn that violence is an acceptable way to settle disputes. Supporting this, Wha-soon (1994) writes that the â€Å"learning of violence causes a cycle of violence.† An Assessment of the Value and Efficacy of Domestic Violence Interventions Methods for dealing with domestic violence generally fall into three categories: prevention, protection, and justice (M2 Presswire, 1998). As the terms imply, prevention attempts to avert incidences of domestic violence through methods such as education and counseling; protection involves attempts to prevent further injury through methods such as removing victims from the situation and ordering offenders to stay away from their victims; and justice involves retribution against domestic violence offenders. The value and efficacy of prevention, protection, and justice methods used in dealing with domestic violence are difficult to measure. A reason for this was mentioned earlier: the lack of a consensus definition for domestic violence itself. (Contemporary Women’s Issues Database, May 1996). Nevertheless, there has been some attempt at measuring performance anecdotally. According to the Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (April 1993): â€Å"Currently, the two most common forms of social intervention are mechanisms that help her to leave (such as emergency shelters) and having him arrested†¦(but) neither of these interventions is ideal.† And, police and judicial interventions do not seem to fair much better as illustrated by the case of Samuel Gutierrez who killed his domestic partner, Kelly Gonzalez, in Chicago, Illinois in the United States after multiple beatings, arrests, and various court interventions (Hanna, 1998). That domestic violence still exists as such a serious social problem is probably the best evidence that current methods for preventing it, protecting its victims, and exacting justice on offenders are not working especially well. Perhaps the future will be brighter. Newer perspectives, such as that offered by the ecological framework theory, offer some hope. It seems that taking a comprehensive, integrated approach could potentially be substantially more effective as the various public and private components work together in a cooperative, synergistic arrangement with one goal—the welfare of the potential or actual victim. One expert even suggests that this combined public-private approach could be enhanced further by adding a third component—the family (nuclear family, extended family, intimate family, close relationships)—to the formal, integrated support arrangement (Kelly, 2004). Conclusion Public and private organizations continue to increase their attention to domestic violence. In the United Kindgom, The Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004 furnishes greater authority to police and the courts in dealing with cases of domestic violence and in providing protection to victims. Aditionally, the British government’s recently issued national domestic violence action plan sets forth ambitious goals (CrimeReduction.gov.uk, Domestic Violence, 2005) quoted as follows: reduce the prevalence of domestic violence; increase the rate that domestic violence is reported; increase the rate of domestic violence offences that are brought to justice; ensure victims of domestic violence are adequately protected and supported nationwide; and reduce the number of domestic violence related homicides. Returning to the introductory quotation, had Shakespeare’s Desdemona been alive today, perhaps she would have some hope that she would not forever be in such great fear of Othello’s rage. References Asian Pages (1998) What is domestic violence? November 14, 1998. Bandura, A. (1973). Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York: John Wiley Sons. Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Brown, Karen R. and Kenneym, Catherine T. (1996) Report from the front lines: The impact of violence on poor women [Part 1 of 5]. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Chalk, R., King, A. (1998). (Eds.). Violence in families: Assessing prevention and treatment programs. Washington, DC: National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Chez, N (1994) Helping the victim of domestic violence. American Nursing 1994;94(7):32-37. Cited in Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1996) Domestic and sexual violence data collection [Part 3 of 9], July 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1996) Measuring the costs of domestic violence against women and the cost-effectiveness of interventions [Part 1 of 6], May 1, 1996. Contemporary Women’s Issues Database (1993) Men beating women: Ending domestic violence—a qualitative and quantitative study of public attitudes on violence against women [Part 3 of 7], April 1, 1993. Contemporary Womens Issues Database (1996) You or someone you know may live in a home where domestic violence is a problem, January 1, 1996. CrimeReduction.gov.uk (2005), Domestic violence http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/domesticviolence51.htm, April 4, 2005 [April 11, 2005]. CrimeReduction.gov.uk (2005), Domestic violence mini-site http://www.crimereduction.gov.uk/dv01.htm, April 4, 2005 [April 9, 2005]. Crowell, N. A., and Burgess, A. W. (1996). (Eds.). Understanding violence against women. Washington, DC: National Academy Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Cruz, J. Michael (2003) Why doesnt he just leave? Gay male domestic violence and the reasons victims stay. The Journal of Mens Studies, March 22, 2003. Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Dobash, R. E., and Dobash, R. (1979). Violence against wives: A case against the patriarchy. New York: Free Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Edleson, J. L. (1999). The overlap between child maltreatment and woman battering. Violence Against Women, 5(2), 134-154. Cited in Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators: implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Gelles, R. J., Cornell, C. P. (1985). Intimate violence in families. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gelles, R. J., Cornell, C. P. (1990). Intimate violence in families (2nd ed.). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. Hanna, Cheryl (1998) The paradox of hope: the crime and punishment of domestic violence. William and Mary Law Review, May 1, 1998. Hewitt, Kim (2002), Silent victims of violence in home. The News Letter (Belfast, Northern Ireland), September 14, 2002. Isaac, Nancy E. (1997) Response to battered mothers in the pediatric emergency department: a call for an interdisciplinary approach to family violence. Pediatrics, February 1, 1997. Josiah, Ivy (1998) Education through radio. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 2, 1998. Kelly, Kristin A. (2004) Working together to stop domestic violence: state-community partnerships and the changing meaning of public and private. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, March 1, 2004. Laurence, Louise and Spalter-Roth, Roberta (1996) Research-in-brief: Measuring the costs of domestic violence against women [Part 1 of 2] Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1996. Leo, John (1994) Is it a war against women? U.S. News World Report, July 11, 1994. Loring, M. T. and Smith, R. W. (1994) Health care barriers and interventions for battered women. Public Health Reports 1994;109(3):322-329. Cited in Gibson-Howell, Joan C. (1996) Domestic violence identification and referral. Journal of Dental Hygiene, March 1, 1996. M2 Presswire (1998) Home Office: Prevention, protection and justice: A comprehensive approach to tackle domestic violence, June 16, 1998. Manor, John H. (1996) Helping abusers out of the domestic violence equation. Michigan Chronicle, January 30, 1996. Meyersfeld, Bonita C. (2003) Reconceptualizing domestic violence in international law. Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Neufield, Brenda (1996) SAFE questions: overcoming barriers to the detection of domestic violence. American Family Physician, June 1, 1996. OLeary, K. D. (1987). Physical aggression between spouses: A social learning theory perspective. In V. B. Van Hasselt, R. L. Morrison, A. S. Bellack, M. Hersen (Eds.), Handbook of family violence (pp. 31-55). New York: Plenum Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Salisbury, Sarah and Wichmann, Lee Anne (2004), Seen or unseen, domestic violence traumatizes children. The Register-Guard, August 29, 2004. Schechter, S. (1982) Women and male violence: The visions and struggles of the battered womens movement. Boston: South End Press. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003. Seattle Post-Intelligencer (1999) Domestic violence: Give us statistics we can work with. July 16, 1999. Shakespeare, William (1604), Othello act 5. sc. 2. Edited by Sanders, Norman. Cambridge University Press, 1984. Cited in Meyersfeld, Bonita C. (2003) Reconceptualizing domestic violence in international law. Albany Law Review, December 22, 2003. Siegel, Reva B. (1996), The rule of love: Wife beating as prerogative and privacy, 105 YALE L.J. 2117. Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering: A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Simerman, John (2002) Men, too, fall victim to abuse in big numbers. Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service, November 25, 2002. Spath, Robin (2003) Child protection professionals identifying domestic violence indicators: implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, September 22, 2003. Starr, Raymond H., Jr. (2001) Type and timing of mothers victimization: effects on mother and children. Pediatrics, April 1, 2001. Tuerkheimer, Deborah (2004), Recognizing and remedying the harm of battering: A call to criminalize domestic violence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, June 22, 2004. Verkaik, Robert (2003) One man in six `a victim of domestic violence. The Independent, September 24, 2003. Wha-soon, Byun (1994) A study on the prevention of and countermeasures against domestic violence [Part 1 of 2]. Contemporary Womens Issues Database, January 1, 1994. Winkvist, Anna (2001) Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations. Studies in Family Planning, March 1, 2001. Yllo, K. A. (1993). Through a feminist lens: Gender, power, and violence. In R. J. Gelles D. R. Loseke (Eds.), Current controversies on family violence (pp. 47-62). Newbury Park, GA: Sage Publications. Cited in Danis, Fran S. (2003) The criminalization of domestic violence: What social workers need to know. Social Work, April 1, 2003.

The Three Great Compromises :: essays research papers

The Three Great Compromises The United States of America was founded on the basis of compromise, but what does compromise really mean? According to the Webster's New World Dictionary compromise means "an adjustment of opposing principles". Political systems use compromises in daily life. The Three Great Compromises that occurred early in this nation's government were the Connecticut Compromise, the 3/5 Compromise, and finally the Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise. Were it not for these compromises the United States could still be governed under the Articles of Conferderation. The Connecticut Compromise was the most important compromise in the history of the U.S. government. The representatives from each state were going to change the government totally, from powerful state governments to a powerful central government, which they vowed not to do when they declared independence from England. Rhode Island was so disgusted with the idea of changing the government that they did not even come to the meeting. Finally after all the debating and each state getting their say, they "compromised" on a plan where they would have two governmental houses, one being the House of Representatives and the second being the Senate, with the Senate being the stronger of the two houses. The House of Representatives was based on each state's population, that is the more people in the state the more representatives that state would get. The Senate said that regardless of the state's population each state would get two representatives all with equal say. The 3/5 Compromise was mainly about slaves. The issue in this compromise was should slaves be counted for determining representation for each state? The North did not want them to be counted because they were considered possessions, not citizens, and that meant less representation for them. The South, on the other hand, wanted them to be counted because that meant that they could pass laws more beneficial to the South since they would have more representation. So they "compromised" and said that each slave counted 3/5 of a person. The final compromise was the Commerce & Slave Trade Compromise. The issue here was should Congress be able to regulate trade and should the United States continue with slave trading? The North felt that Congress should control trade and put an end to slave trading. The South was fearful of Northern jealousy of Southern agriculture trade with England, and the South was also wary of Congress

Flowers For Algernon :: essays research papers

Flowers for Algernon The main characters of the story are Charlie, who is a mentally retarded person involved in a remarkable experiment which increased his I.Q. Alice, a teacher at the Adult Basic Education Facility at Beekman College who taught Charlie how to read and write, the professors who operated on Charlie. Fay who appeared toward the end of the book , and last but not least Algernon. The novel is exciting and has an original idea. The moods That I felt in the story are ones of sorrow, anger, and guilt. In the story, Charlie, is the subject of an experiment which increases his intelligence. Charlie originally wants the operation to look intelligent and get friends. Unfortunately some of his hopes were not met. The main characters in the novel include Charlie, Alice, Algernon, and Fay, a character who did not make much of an appearance, but he thought that he played an important part in Charlie trying to sort out his past and figure out his present and future plans. Charlie is a mentally retarded person who has impressing people and gaining friends as one of his top priorities. He then hears of an experiment which could possibly make him smart. He makes himself a subject to this human experiment with the hopes of gaining knowledge in a sole purpose of gaining friends. As the book goes on, Charlie goes through dramatic changes mentally, and instead of making him gain friends he actually is looked on in the same way if not worse. For example, at Charlie's old work his "friends" made fun of him and enjoyed his company just because Charlie had amused them. Yet after the operation, Charlie finds out that he had not made his friends like him more, but had pushed them away. Charlie understood now what his friends did to him in the past, and starts to look down upon them. Alice, Charlie's teacher, is the person who gave Charlie to the idea to give the experiment a chance. She thinks that Charlie has the determination and will power to ma ke the experiment work. Then, later on in the book, she gets emotionally involved with Charlie and helps Charlie learn more about himself. Algernon, is a lab animal who also had the experiment done on him and as result makes him smarter than the average mouse. Algernon plays a very important part in the novel because he foreshadows what will happen to Charlie later on in the book.

Explain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks)

Explain Bentham’s Utilitarianism: (30 Marks) A man called Jeremy Bentham had a theory called the ‘Utilitarianism theory’. He was born in London at the time of the great scientific and social change and wrote ‘The Principles of Morals and Legislation’ in 1789. Bentham had the theory that all humans seek pleasure and avoid pain at all costs. Utilitarianism has been described as an act or a rule rather than a theory. We break this down into three parts: -Motivation: Bentham was a hedonists (‘Hedone’ is Greek for ‘pleasure’).Bentham suggests that humans are motivated by pleasure and seek to avoid pain in every circumstance. Bentham quoted ‘Nature has placed mankind under the governance of two sovereign masters, pain and pleasure. It is for them alone to point out what we ought to do, as well as to determine what we shall do. ’ Basically he is trying to say that humans pursue pleasure and fight to avoid pain, and beli eved that this was a ‘moral fact’, also that pleasure was the ‘sole good’ and pain was the ‘sole evil’, meaning humans naturally seek and avoid it.For example smoking, people know that it will harm them and damage their health but they smoke for the pleasure, giving up would be very difficult and would therefore cause pain that they’re trying to avoid. There are also very different examples from different peoples viewpoints such as.. * People who are motivated by pleasure: A person lives their life to go to Heaven. This means that the thought of going to Heaven (pleasure) motivates them to be a good person. * People who are motivated by pain: A person lives their life to stay away from Hell.This means that the thought of going to Hell (pain) motivates them to be a good person. -Principle of utility: utility means ‘usefulness’, this is Bentham’s moral rule. Once Bentham had identified pleasure and pain (moral) he conti nued on to the ‘utility principle’. This is where every action is judged by the rightness and wrongness by its utility (usefulness) to produce pleasure. Bentham said that pleasure is the cause of happiness, so it can be used interchangeably in the utility principle, so an action that causes or roduces the most happiness is the most moral. Everything is based on the end result, if the duration causes pain but it means it will end in pleasure, the utility principle is applied. Bentham devised a theory about ‘The Greatest Happiness For The Greatest Number’.This is explained best when split into two parts; * ‘The Greatest Good’- Good is the maximisation of pleasure so if an action is right it will produce the greatest good for the greatest number. The more pleasure that an action produces the better it will be. ‘Greatest number’- The ‘Democratic Theory’ is put in place, this is Bentham’s rule that pleasure canâ€⠄¢t be for one person alone. The maximum happiness for the most people should always been chosen when set with a range of choices in a moral decision. An example of ‘The Principle of Utility’ using the ‘Greatest happiness for the greatest number’ theory would be the assignation of Hitler, yes a person’s life would be taken and murder will be committed, but the death of one person would save many others people’s lives and cause happiness for the greatest number. Hedonic Calculus: was Jeremy Bentham’s system to measure how good/bad a consequence is. So if we was to calculate the greatest happiness for the greatest number, we must determine the quantity of happiness that will be produced from this action.The way that thus us evaluated is by applying these seven values: 1. Intensity- How intense it is (strong). 2. Duration- How long it lasts. 3. Certainty/ uncertainty- How sure it will happen. 4. Remoteness- How near it is to happening. 5. Richness- Like hood of repetition, how much pleasure it will lead to. . Purity- How free from pain is it? 7. Extent- How far reaching will be the consequences. The Hedonic Calculus system is a Quantitative assessment of situations, it is therefore concerned with the quantity of pleasure (it produces the highest amount of pleasure) for the greatest amount of people. An example and the set out to figure out a moral dilemma would be a question like: ‘Should I abort my disabled child? ’-then to figure out if it would be more pleasurable or painful it would be set like so: | Pleasure| Pain| . Intensity| 3/10| 7/10| 2. Duration| 7/10| 4/10| 3. Certainty | 9/10| 8/10| 4. Extent| 7/10| 6/10| 5. Remoteness| 8/10| 6/10| 6. Richness| 8/10| 5/10| 7. Purity| 2/10| 7/10| Total result:| 44/70| 43/70| So in conclusion- According to the hedonic calculus, the women would go and get an abortion because it would be the greatest good for the greatest number. So that is Bentham’s Util itarianism Theory all explained through three parts, the Motivation of pain and pleasure, the Principle of Utility and the Hedonistic Calculus.

Case: Problem in Pay System

MGT 302 Case: problems in pay system Xiamiao Zhu 1. Are the CCUA department’s current pay practices concerning data processor IIs and computer analyst Is externally equitable? Explain your answer. Pay practice in CCUA: * Data processor II position: * $11. 00—$12. 70 per hour. * $24,960 per year based on their 40-hour workweek. * Health and life issuance is provided by the company at a cost of $950 per year per employee. * Computer analyst I position: * Salary range $25,500—$32,500. * The average salary paid to the eight incumbents is $31,500. Health and life issuance is provided by the company at a cost of $950 per year per employee. Survey data: | CCUA| Average salary| Mfg/ Consumer| Mfg/ Industrial | Banking | Other Financial service| DP services| Wholesale distribution| Junior analyst and programmer| 31,500| 35,156| 33,750| 40,714| 35,000| 32,143| 37,500| 32,875| Data processor| 24,960| 27,500| 26,000| 29,000| 28,000| 26,500| 26,000| 27,000| * Data processor I I position closely matches the survey’s Data processor. Computer analyst position is most comparable with survey’s junior analyst and programmer. * Both DP II’s and CA I’s at CCUA are underpaid compare to the market. * Both DP II’s and CA I’s at CCUA have $950 health and life insurance. 2. What specific action, if any, do you recommend be taken now? Be specific and justify your recommendations as fully as possible. * Conduct a wage survey: Who is the relevant labor market? What is the competition paying? What sources for market data? What benchmark jobs should be included?Get the survey done in the rural southwest area more in the locality where department is situated so that data is more comparable and find the other benefits of the survey companies. * Choose a pay policy and develop a pay structure: decrease the number of the employee and pay the higher salary. Or hire employee buy using less recruitment cost and training cost. Hire and pa y employee following the policy and the structure. 3. What specific strategy do you recommend for the future so that these types of problems can be anticipated and avoided. Exit interviews: understand the reason for not stay in the company and find the solution to avoid it. * Better scanning of local and regional external pay referents, do let employee think you are paying much less than others. * Better two-way communication with employee. Do the employee satisfaction survey once a year before somebody is trying to quit. * Provide no monetary benefits * Provide larger budget for job categories 4. What additional information in this situation would have enable you to improve the quality of your recommendations? Improve the exit interview and focus on the questions like: * What is your primary reason for leaving? * Did anything trigger your decision to leave? * What was most satisfying about your job? * What was least satisfying about your job? * What would you change about your job? * Find some information about pay equity information: http://www. hrsdc. gc. ca/eng/labour/equality/pay_equity/about/guide. shtml * Conduct the web search O*NET to find if there is any help. 5. Occupations:| Wage & employment trend:| Computer systems analysts:| Median wages (2011) $37. 7 hourly, $78,770 annual Employment (2010) 544,000 employees Projected growth (2010-2020) Faster than average (20% to 28%) Projected job openings (2010-2020) 222,500 Top industries (2010) Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (33% employed in this sector)Finance and Insurance (14%)| Computer programmer:| Median wages (2011) $34. 92 hourly, $72,630 annual Employment (2010) 363,000 employees Projected growth (2010-2020) Average (10% to 19%) Projected job openings (2010-2020) 128,000 Top industries (2010) Professional, Scientific, and Technical ServicesInformation| Computer and information system manager:| Median wages (2011) $56. 4 hourly, $118,010 annual Employment (2010) 308,000 employees Projected growth (2010-2020) Average (10% to 19%) Projected job openings (2010-2020) 102,800 Top industries (2010) Professional, Scientific, and Technical ServicesFinance and Insurance| Operations research analysts:| Median wages (2011) $34. 59 hourly, $71,950 annual Employment (2010) 65,000 employees Projected growth (2010-2020) Average (10% to 19%) Projected job openings (2010-2020) 30,000 Top industries (2010) Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (23% employed in this sector)Finance and Insurance (22%)Government (17%)|

Joining Charles

How Is Charles? Thesis on â€Å"Joining Charles† â€Å"Joining Charles† written by Elizabeth Bowen tells the story of the young woman Louise who is going to shift to France as it is the place where her husband Charles works and lives. The story takes place on the morning of her depature in the White House which is the home of Charles’ family and Louise isn’t happy about herself joining Charles in France. Even though Charles isn’t the protagonist of the story and doesn’t interact at all, he is present throughout the whole story. Louise constantly thinks about him and how it is going to be for her in France and in the future with Charles together. She doesn’t seem to like him at all. This emotion becomes obvious in many parts of the story when she thinks about him. Louise doesn’t want to get a baby of Charles, she turns her head away from his picture in the morning and in the end she doesn’t know what to tell to the mother of charles most probably because her whole attitude towards Charles is so repellent and it would be very unlikely something positive. Yet the reader can only guess how Charles actually is as there is no clear description of him, nor does he interact at all. The only hints to his character gives the oneeyed cat Polyphemus which can talk according to Louise, some phrases of charles’ sisters and mother and the thoughts of Louise. The cat doesn’t have any good experiences with Charles and asks Louise to ask Charles what had happend to his other eye. Louise is the only one who can understand Polyphemus and the sisters interprete the cat’s behaviour different. For them Polyphemus loves Charles and thats why he spends so much time with Louise. The sisters see Charles as a brother who takes care of them. They look up to him and make him in their thoughts to a perfect lover, brother and son. Even if his arrangements gives them disadvantage they remain nice as they are ‘good souls’ how Louise calls them. For the mother Charles is a kind of hero, someone who is ‘sensitive, gallant, generous, a knightly person and who is transcending modern conventions’. But still she realizes that Louise isn’t really happy. Perhaps she somehow knows how Charles really is and that is why she tells Louise in the end that ‘marriage isn’t easy and that many things might be difficult’. From other parts of Louises thoughts the reader comes to know how he takes part in the family life. He isn’t really interested in how the family goes, asks only very unintimate things and makes kind of fun of his sister’s feelings. All in all Charles doesn’t seem to be a very nice person more likely an egostic and perhaps evem evil character. All those who have been really close to him don’t want to interact with him. Louise aswell as the cat don’t seem to have good experiences with him. The sisters mostly don’t see him the way he really is because he seemed to be always nice. He perhaps kind of bedazzeld them, them and his mother but as for the mother it is not clear how she actually thinks of him. The perfect son image which is created doesn’t stand with her last action. That gives another hint that he is a rather bad, egostic and ‘difficult’ person.

The Breathing Process

The first step in the breathing process starts with the brain. The brain sends a message to the diaphragm, telling it to move. The diaphragm is a large dome shaped muscle that divides the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity and attaches to the ribs at the sides and the sternum in the front of the body. When the brain tells the diaphragm to move, it flattens out, enlarging the thorax of the body, the ribs, and the chest. When the chest expands, it pulls on the lungs, causing a drop in pressure in the lungs compared to the pressure of the atmosphere and air is sucked into the lungs to balance the pressures. There are many muscles used in the process of inhalation. The diaphragm is the most important. The external intercostals are on the outside of the ribs, and extend from rib to rib, in between. These muscles help to pull the lower ribs up when the chest is rising to take air into the lungs. The levatores costorum are small muscles that extend from the vertebrae to the ribs. They also aid in lifting the ribs upward. The serratus posterior superior extend down and out from the vertebrae to the upper ribs in the back. These muscles also help raise the chest. The pectoralis major is the upper chest muscle that fans out from the humerus and inserts into the sternum and the clavicle. The pectoralis minor extends from the scapula and inserts into the second through fifth ribs. This muscle is also fan shaped and helps to raise the ribs. The lattissimus dorsi (or â€Å"latts†) is the large muscle on the back extending from the lower vertebrae to the hip bone and from the ribs to the upper arm. This muscle helps to expand the lower part of the thorax. The sternocleidomastoid extends from the skull to the sternum and clavicle. It helps to pull the chest upward. The last muscle important in the act of inhaling is the scalenes, This muscle extends from the neck to the first and second ribs and helps to pull the chest upward. Exhalation: The act of exhaling is pretty much the exact reverse of inhaling. The diaphragm relaxes and goes back into its dome-like shape. The ribs, chest, and thorax lower and return to their natural position. Gravity also plays a part in lowering the chest, ribs, and thorax. The lungs, elastic air passages, and chest wall recoil, and exhalation occurs. There are also many muscles that are involved with the process of exhaling. The abdominals are the primary muscles of exhalation. They pull in a down and out motion, helping to lower the chest and contract the diaphragm and other muscles. The internal intercostals are on the inside of the ribs and extend between them. They help to pull the ribs downward and inward. The subcostals are also on the inside of the ribs and extend upward and outward from the lower rib to the higher rib. These muscles also help to pull the ribs inward. The serratus posterior inferior extend up and out from the vertebrae to the four lower ribs and these muscles pull the ribs downward. The quadratus lumborum extends from the lowest rib to the hip bone and anchors the lowest rib from pull from the diaphragm. Finally, the transversis thoracis extends upward and outward from the lower part of the sternum and inserts into the second through sixth ribs. This muscle helps to pull the chest downward. Singing:  It is important in singing to have strong muscles and to use the muscles in a correct way to achieve the maximum potential of the air flow and of the voice. There are three types of respiration: Quiet respiration, forced respiration, and subglottal pressure. Quiet respiration is involuntary breathing. It is the type of breathing that occurs at any restful state and there is very little exchange of air. Forced respiration is voluntary breathing. It is used in yelling, loud talking, and singing. It requires active use of both the inhalation and exhalation muscles and there is a large amount of air exchanged within the lungs. Subglottal pressure is probably the most important in singing. It is the overpressure of air in the lungs, created by forced respiration. There is forced airflow against partially closed vocal folds. This type of respiration allows the singer to control airflow and have a constant sound. Using correct breath control and muscle control will allow a singer to achieve constant intensity and sound in their voice.

A Woeful Trap... Act 1 In Hamlet

Is he crazy or wise? It is simply crazy craftsmanship, but punishes the distraction of pain. Maybe Hamlet is a victim - as we all think of at some point - it is the intellectual perspective of the world for crazy confusion. He is a civilian of his own; a traveler with a passport goes into a strange, twilight region of the soul. Whether Hamlet's pain or insanity is caused by his relationship or his own melancholy, Hamlet's struggle reflects the essential nature of human suffering that all people can associate. The specific performance of Hamlet's suffering is closely related. In the first two scenes of the third act, Hamlet and Claudius designed traps to capture each other's secrets. Claudius secretly attacked Hamlet to discover its essence of madness. Live the conscience of the king (III. I 582). This drama is the story of the Duke of Vienna and his wife Baptista of Gonzago who married the murderer Lucian. Hamlet believes that this script is not a ghost, it is an opportunity to build a more reliable foundation for Claudius' sin. Since he did not know whether to believe a member of the spiritual world, he tried to judge whether Claudius read his actions and committed sin because of his feelings of guilt in his mental state. Hamlet 's uncertainty about Claudius' s sin and his importance of collecting Claudios evidence, Hamlet plans to organize a trap for his monologue at the end of the second act. Hamlet knew that society would not tolerate the murder of Claudius as a form of revenge without evidence that Claudius murdered Hamlet 's father. Hamlet noticed that the only evidence of his guilt against Claudius is a ghost word that could not rely on the evidence to prove that Hamlet's action was justified. He also needs to make sure that Claudius is guilty to make sure what he is doing is right. Shakespeare's 'Hamlet' has two examples of nemesis. It is hesitant to Hamlet and Hamlet. Hamlet fulfilled Claudius 'nemesis, Claudius killed Hamlet' s father and married his mother. The devil of Claudius demanded immediate revenge. His dead father's ghost appeared before Hamlet and persuaded him to retaliate. He discovered that Claudius was a real murderer and killed him after many insistent ideas. Among the same drama, Hamlet's nemesis is superior or inferior to him. He could not decide the dilemma he was facing. In the first game of the third act of the play, he revealed his way of thinking as follows: Is Hamlet a romantic hero? How will the reader's attitude towards Hamlet change through the script? How will the description of Hamlet's character affect the entire drama? Hamlet changed between Act 1 and Act 2? Or is Hamlet the same as what was drawn at the beginning of the play? I hope these Hamlet paper themes will help you create excellent works and model Hamlet paper. If you are busy for some reason, we can also help you. If you need help from qualified and experienced writers, visit our online resource, Writemy EssayOnline.com. You can order any k ind of paper about any subject, and subject in any format style. It can be used as a template for your own research. There is no need to prepay the full amount. In addition, you can track the progress of the order and preview the order for free. Please try it now. We are available 24 hours!

Religious Beliefs and Government Leadership Research Paper

Religious Beliefs and Government Leadership - Research Paper Example 1-2). Although Romney (2007) cites the influence of religion in the principles of America’s founders, he also states that times has changed, and the emergence of cultural diversity in America requires leaders to maintain their objectivity when making public policy. With his speech, it is evident that Romney supports the notion of Church-State separation, although he admits that his Mormon faith helped shape his values and perspectives in life. In analyzing the speech of Obama and Romney, one can say that both leaders support the separation of Church and State affairs, particularly in their presidential candidacy and in creating leadership policies. For instance, both leaders cite the necessity of providing state benefits and programs that will benefit the majority, regardless of religious beliefs. Thus, although religion influences the decisions of public leaders, politicians should exercise control over their personal opinions lest their opinions violate the beliefs and right s of the majority. However, considering Romney’s argument on faith as a source of one’s fundamental moral principles, one can say that religion, in one way or another, influences how leaders develop their strategies (p. 4). This idea is also evident in Obama’s (2006b) argument about the religious freedom through defining ethics in social interactions (paras. 18-23). Consequently, as a political leader, Obama argues that leaders should take concern of their policies, particularly in the way those policies affect the relationships of the majority. Considering the two speeches, one can say that leaders cannot escape from the influence of religion in their policies, and this is because of the innate tendency of human beings to draw conclusions from our... This paper stresses that the Church-State separation may be considered one of the most challenging aspects of the society, considering that one should maintain objective judgment on critical socio-political aspects. This is particularly true among political leaders, who have to face the challenges of leadership while aligning their values with their existing leadership policies and religious beliefs. For instance, the arguments of Obama, Romney, Cuomo, and Kenney illustrate the challenges of becoming a political leader, which is resolving a crisis while maintaining their diplomacy and religious neutrality. The author diclares that Church-State separation also regulates the power of both political and religious leaders wherein neither can advise the people on their political and religious preferences, particularly during elections. considering the potential biased portrayal of religious traditions in the current pluralistic American society, Obama states that leadership strategies sho uld focus on generating policies that strengthen diplomacy as this ensures objectivity. Relatively, as Obama focuses on the influence of religion on interactions, one can say that Obama’s view on his political office is merely a neutral ground wherein he can discuss policies without having to consider his religious opinions. This report makes a conclusion that Cuomo and Kennedy support the idea of isolating oneself from religious and political influence when creating public policies. Considering that legal enforceable rule on Church-State separation, one can say that presidential candidates should not be evaluated according to their religion. American citizens, regardless of religious beliefs, have the right to establish their political views without undergoing the same religious prejudice that they wish to eradicate in the society.